NOTES FOR MANGABEY LOCATION DATA These data describe a 1972-73 study of the gray-cheeked mangabey, Lophocebus albigena, near what is now the Makerere University Biological Field Station at Kanyawara, Uganda. Tom Struhsaker established this site, at the edge of what was then the Kibale Forest Reserve, as a promising one for studying forest primates in 1970; he began to cut a grid of trails in support of his study of red colobus monkeys, and recruited graduate students John Oates, Rudy Rudran and me to follow other primate species. The basic approach in the study was to follow a single mangabey group from dawn to dusk (or as near as I could come given the time required to walk to and find the group) for 5 successive days at the beginning of each month. In most months, a second 5-day sample followed after a 1-day break. During these samples, I "scanned" the group during a 5-min period every half hour, at 15 and 45 minutes after the hour. During the scan, I located as many individuals as possible and recorded their sex, age class, individual identities, locations, and activities. If they were feeding, I recorded the plant species on which they were feeding and the type of plant food (or insect foraging) they were engaged in. All members of the group were individually recognizable based on broken fingers or tails, peculiarities of coloration, etc. The number of animals visible (and that I could see well enough to identify to individual) varied widely from sample to sample, between 1 and 15 (group size varied over the year due to births and deaths with a maximum of 15 animals). I recorded a location for every individual I saw, recording its identity, sex, or age class as "unknown" as appropriate. Locations were estimated by eye relative to a mapped grid of trails cut, in most places, at 50 or 100m intervals. The map was constructed by surveying trails with line and compass and overlaying them on an existing aerial photo.Ê There was, of course, no "datum"; the origin of the current map has been estimated by moving the recorded location points so as to get them into register with landmarks on existing Google Earth photography. By comparison with such landmarks, I believe that the absolute locations are accurate within ± 50m. Individual locations recorded in the same scan are believed to have a precision of ± 5m relative to each other. I no longer recall whether the original map was based on true north or magnetic north. Magnetic declination at the time was small, however (~ 2o W) and the good match of the points to landmarks in both the north and south of the groupÕs range leads me to believe that no correction is necessary. The original data were recorded on 19 boxes of IBM punchcards, I needed a cart to carry them. The sample size seemed much more impressive in this form of "hardcopy". Analyses in the thesis were based on 18118 records. IBM cards were read into a DBASE II file in ~1990, at which time ~1% of the cards, as far as I know a random subset, had become bent and unreadable. Sampling procedures, criteria for age and sex categorization, and the definitions of activity and food type categories are explained in more detail in: Waser, PM. 1975. Intergroup interactions in a forest monkey: the mangabey Cercocebus albigena. Unpublished PhD thesis, Rockefeller University. Waser, PM. 1975.Ê Monthly variations in feeding and activity patterns of the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena (Lydekker).Ê East African Wildlife Journal 13: 249-263 Waser, PM. 1977.Ê Feeding, ranging, and group size in the mangabey Cercocebus albigena, p. 183-222.Ê In TH Clutton-Brock (ed.), Primate Ecology.Ê Academic Press, New York. The data were also used in a number of additional publications, in particular: Waser, PM. 1976.Ê Cercocebus albigena: site attachment, avoidance, and intergroup spacing.Ê American Naturalist 110: 911-935. Hutchinson, JMC and PM Waser.Ê 2007. Use, misuse and extensions of "ideal gas" models of animal encounter.Ê Biological Reviews 82:335-359. NOTES FOR "GROUP M" The x and y coordinates for this file were determined as averages of the x and y coordinates of all individuals sighted during each scan. As noted above, I believe that the individual locations have a precision of +/- 5m. The precision of the "group" location depends on the proportion of group members that I located during a scan. The "event comments" field in Movebank and the "N" field in the original file contains that number. I attempted to estimate this precision in my thesis with a rarefaction analysis. By subsampling locations from scans with 13 or more of the ~15 group members located, I determined that if only 12 animals were located, the estimated CM was on average 5m from the "true" CM; if 7 animals were located, the error was 27m, and if only 1 animal was located, it was 44m. NOTES FOR INDIVIDUAL LOCATIONS Fields and categories are: AGE: the age class of the individual in one of the following categories: * ?: unknown * INFANT: age less than ~8 months, still suckling, carried by mother * JUVENILE: age up to perhaps 4 years, small but rarely or never clings or suckles, color entirely black (in contrast to infants, which have pink faces/feet/perineum at birth). Nipples not visible, no cycling in females * SUBADULT: males only, probably age 4-6 years Size comparable to adult female, cape of long hair on shoulders and canines undeveloped * ADULT: age from 4-5 years in females, 5-7 years in males. In females, visible nipples, cycling sexual "skin"; in males, elongated cape, canines, and muzzle * ADULTEST: adult females in estrous, recognizable by conspicuous tumescence of the perineum SEX: categories are ? (unknown), M, F ID: individual identity (? = unknown) * Adult female IDs are BC, KT, LN, PB, SK, S * Adult male IDs are HK, RF, TK * Subadult male IDs are BT, O * Juvenile and infant IDs are BB, BR, CH, FB, JA ACT activity during scan, categories are: * ?: unknown * CLING: clinging to (carried by) a subadult or adult, only for infants or juveniles * COPULATE * DRINK * FEED Eating fruit, flowers, or leaves, or foraging for or eating invertebrates * GROOM, whether the groomer or the recipient of grooming * LIE: lying on a branch, potentially asleep * MOVE BETWEEN: moving between trees * MOVE WITHIN: moving from one location to another within a tree * OTHER SOCIAL: vocalizing, chasing, any other social interaction other than grooming, sex or play * PLAY * SELF-GROOM * SIT: sitting, apparently inactive, but may be chewing or interacting with others in a subtle way * STAND: standing on a branch, presumably alert but not engaged in obvious feeding or social interaction SPECIES plant (usually tree) species that is either being eaten or is the substrate for invertebrate foraging. The key to plant species is in the file "mangabey plants.csv". PART recorded if ACT=FEED; the part of the plant that was being eaten, or if the type of feeding was foraging for invertebrates, the substrate on which it occurred. Includes ?: unknown PLANT PARTS: BARK OR PITH inner bark, chewed from bark stripped from living branches, or from broken and chewed twigs FLOWERS: includes a small proportion of flower buds FRUIT: includes seeds as well as fleshy fruit LEAF BUDS YOUNG LEAVES UNSP. LEAVES : leaves of unspecified age, primarily large young leaves MATURE LEAVES INSECT FORAGING: DEAD BARK: splitting off dead bark, picking or biting items underneath DEAD WOOD: breaking off dead branches or pieces of rotten wood with hands or teeth, picking or biting items from exposed surfaces BARE SURFACE: grabbing items from bare surfaces, primarily tree trunks EPIPHYTES: peeling moss, lichen or epiphytes from trunks or branches, picking apart and scanning for invertebrates DEAD LEAVES: examining the surface of or unrolling dead leaves, picking items from or biting the surface LEAF SURFACE: examining the surface of live leaves, removing cocoons, galls or live items from surface STICKS: crushing or splitting live or dead twigs or sticks and licking items from apparently hollow inner core NOTES FOR ORIGINAL FILES The following are additional column descriptions for the original data files Òmangabey-group-data-original.csvÓ and Òmangabey-individual-data-originalÓ. month: numbered consecutively from the first month during the study when all animals were individually recognizable and seemed well habituated to the observerÕs presence, May 1972 (05) through the last month of systematic observations, April 1973 (16). day: the day of the month. monthday: values are the same as month and day described above but in 1 column. time_UTC+3: the time of day at the beginning of each 5-min long, half-hourly "scan", all should end in 15 or 45. Times are in UTC+3 with no daylight savings time. x: eastings in m from origin used in original mapping y: northings in m from origin used in original mapping easting: x converted to UTM (Zone 36M) northing: y converted to UTM (Zone 36M) The remaining columns are defined above.